CCI Physics Practice Test

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• What happens to the frame rate as depth decreases?
• If the mass in a mass-spring system is doubled with the same spring constant, how does the angular frequency ω change?
• Which type of resolution is most affected by beam width?
• What artifact is caused by weak attenuators in ultrasound imaging?
• What effect does increasing the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) have on aliasing?
• What is a significant outcome of using a Doppler technique?
• The first law of thermodynamics in the conventional sign convention for a closed system states ΔU = Q - W. What does each term represent?
• The magnetic force on a moving charge is F_B = q v × B. What is the magnitude when v is perpendicular to B?
• In steady, incompressible flow, Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, and height along a streamline. What does it imply about a faster-moving region?
• What is the term for an artifact caused by increased color gain in ultrasound?
• Ohm's law for a resistor is V = IR. What is the total resistance of two identical resistors in parallel?
• Propagation of measurement uncertainties requires combining independent contributions in quadrature. If Q = f(x, y) with uncertainties Δx, Δy, how is ΔQ approximately found?
• When light enters a medium with a higher refractive index from air, what happens to the light ray?
• What does the Doppler effect describe?
• What does a high acoustic impedance difference between two tissues typically indicate?
• In an RLC circuit, the impedance is minimized when the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel. What condition achieves this?
• In incompressible fluid flow, the continuity equation A1 v1 = A2 v2 implies what about the speed when the cross-sectional area decreases?
• In wave optics, Huygens principle explains what about diffraction?
• What is the potential effect of cavitation during ultrasound therapy?
• What aspect of sound waves is primarily affected by higher frequencies?
• What happens to the frame rate as imaging depth increases?
• According to the BART rule, which color indicates flow moving away from the transducer?
• What would likely indicate turbulent flow in an ultrasound study?
• In an isolated system, which process yields zero entropy change?
• The angular wavelength dispersion relation in a diffraction grating is d sin θ = m λ. What does d represent?
• What is the artifact called that appears when the ultrasound beam encounters strong reflectors leading to multiple echoes?
• What happens when Doppler signals are acquired at incorrect angles?
• Which of the following is the main cause of attenuation in ultrasound imaging?
• In a double-slit arrangement, if you double the slit separation d while keeping wavelength and distance to the screen fixed, what happens to the fringe spacing Δy?
• In special relativity, time dilation is described by Δt' = γ Δt with γ = 1/√(1 - v^2/c^2). If a clock moves at speed v, what happens to the observed time interval Δt' compared with the proper time Δt?
• What does PRF stand for in the context of ultrasound physics?
• What term describes how fast a sound wave vibrates?
• What is the importance of the Doppler angle in Doppler ultrasound?
• Which of the following better describes the relationship between frame rate and depth?
• How does time gain compensation help in imaging?
• In the relativistic energy-momentum relation E^2 = (pc)^2 + (mc^2)^2, what is E when the particle is at rest (p = 0)?
• What describes multiple equally spaced echoes in ultrasound imaging?
• Which factor leads to better detail in imaging?
• What term describes the size of the sound wave?
• Which Doppler effect displays different colors to indicate direction of blood flow?
• Sound intensity level β is measured in decibels. Which unit is used for β?
• The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor with plate area A, separation d and vacuum between plates is?
• What is the result of blood reflecting sound waves in ultrasound imaging?
• Gauss's law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge. State the law.
• In radioactive decay, A = λ N. If the activity is halved after a time equal to the half-life t1/2, what is λ in terms of t1/2?
• What term describes the loss of sound energy as it travels through a medium?
• What artifact can result in misplaced or duplicated structures in ultrasound imaging?
• Which artifact produces misleading information due to reflections from surrounding structures?
• Inserting a dielectric material with dielectric constant κ between the plates of a capacitor increases its capacitance by what factor (assuming vacuum capacitance C0)?
• Which type of wavelength corresponds to low frequency?
• What generally allows for better resolution in an image?
• In the Compton wavelength shift formula Δλ = (h/(m_e c)) (1 - cos θ), which constants appear in the prefactor?
• What effect does adjusting the gain have on an ultrasound image?
• What phenomenon enhances contrast resolution in ultrasound imaging?
• In a diffraction grating, what does m represent in the equation d sin θ = m λ?
• What is the term for the ability to separate objects in an up-and-down manner?
• A projectile is launched from ground level with speed v0 at angle θ above the horizontal, neglecting air resistance. Which expression gives its horizontal range R in terms of v0, θ, and g?
• What term describes the resistance of tissue to sound?
• For a projectile launched from ground level, neglecting air resistance, what is the time of flight T (assuming it lands at the same height)?
• According to the rule for choosing frequency in imaging, what is the relationship between detail and frequency?
• If a long straight wire's magnetic field distance is doubled, what happens to B?
• In an RLC alternating-current circuit, which expressions correctly define the inductive and capacitive reactances?
• The magnetic field around a long straight wire with current I is B = μ0 I /(2π r). How does B change with distance r from the wire?
• Which type of resolution pertains to the ability to separate objects side to side?
• What effect does higher frequency have on attenuation?
• Rank the following photons from highest energy per photon to lowest: gamma, visible, radio.
• Where is the best lateral resolution typically found?
• How does sound behave when it encounters a soft tissue interface?
• What is the Nyquist limit in Doppler ultrasound?
• What characteristic does pulse wave (PW) Doppler exhibit?
• What is a benefit of short wavelength in imaging?
• What is a common misconception about ultrasound image formation?
• What happens when sound encounters a boundary between two tissues?
• Which of the following is not a factor in assessing ultrasound risk?
• Temporal resolution is enhanced by which factor?
• Which artifact results in a duplicate image across a strong reflector?
• For hydrogen-like atoms, how does the energy E_n change as the principal quantum number n increases?
• What principle is applied to minimize radiation exposure in medical imaging?
• Which frequency results in poorer detail but deeper penetration?
• The potential difference ΔV between two points is related to the electric field via ΔV = -∫ E · dl. What sign does this give for work done by the field?
• Which equation correctly relates wave speed v, frequency f, and wavelength λ?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of temporal resolution?
• What happens to image quality when using low frequency?
• In incompressible fluid flow, what quantity is conserved along a streamline?
• Which artifact can cause misinterpretation of the ultrasound image due to strong reflections?
• What does color variance indicate in ultrasound imaging?
• Length contraction is described by L = L0/γ. If a rod has proper length L0, what is its length L as observed by a moving observer?
• In the photoelectric effect, if hf equals the work function φ, what is the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons?
• Which adjustment can improve Doppler imaging?
• In a refracting telescope, the angular magnification is greater than 1 when which condition holds?
• A block of mass m rests on a frictionless incline of angle θ to the horizontal. What is its acceleration down the incline?
• The work-energy theorem relates work to kinetic energy. If a particle changes speed from v0 to v, what is the net work done on the particle?
• What type of artifact results from false echoes created by off-axis sound in ultrasound?
• What does a high Mechanical Index indicate in ultrasound therapy?
• In the relation C = κ C0, what does C0 denote?
• In a one-dimensional elastic collision between two masses m1 and m2, which quantities are conserved?
• Why do deep structures appear dark on an ultrasound image?
• What conditions lead to improved axial resolution?
• What does TGC stand for in ultrasound imaging?
• Which index assesses the potential for mechanical effects caused by ultrasound?
• In a diffraction grating, for fixed λ and d, if m increases, what happens to θ?
• What effect does bone have on sound waves in ultrasound?
• What term describes the potential risk associated with the formation of bubbles in fluid due to ultrasound?
• What causes strong reflection in ultrasound imaging?
• How can you correct for aliasing in ultrasound?
• In the heating formula Q = m c ΔT, what does c represent?
• The equation PV = constant describes which thermodynamic process?
• Using E_n = -13.6 eV / n^2, what is the energy of the n = 2 level for a hydrogen-like atom?
• What term refers to the repetition rate of transmitted pulse in ultrasound?
• Why is it crucial to adjust gain in ultrasound imaging?
• In ultrasound therapy, what factor primarily affects tissue temperature?
• A mass attached to a simple horizontal spring undergoes SHM. What is its period T in terms of mass m and spring constant k?
• Lateral resolution is primarily dependent on what factor?
• Sound intensity level β in decibels is defined as β = 10 log10(I/I0). What is I0?
• What does 'resolution' in imaging refer to?
• Why is it important to use the lowest output possible in ultrasound applications?
• What happens to the quality of an ultrasound image as attenuation increases?
• What is a common impact of deeper structures in ultrasound imaging?
• The mass defect Δm is converted into binding energy via E = Δm c^2. What does this imply about the mass of a bound nucleus relative to the sum of its constituent nucleons?
• Axial resolution is determined by which of the following?
• Which factor is critical in obtaining accurate Doppler frequency measurements?
• In Coulomb's law F = k q1 q2 / r^2, what is k in vacuum?
• Which of the following is a recommended practice based on ultrasound safety standards?
• What is the consequence of a long wavelength in sound waves?
• A car moves at constant speed v around a flat curve of radius r. What is its centripetal acceleration a_c, and in what direction does it point?
• If plate area is doubled in a vacuum parallel-plate capacitor, what happens to the capacitance?
• For an isothermal process of an ideal gas, what is the relation between pressure and volume?
• What does Heisenberg's uncertainty principle imply about measuring position and momentum simultaneously?
• Which index measures the likelihood of tissue heating during ultrasound procedures?
• What should practitioners monitor to prevent thermal injuries during ultrasound treatment?
• In a thin lens with object distance do and image distance di, the thin-lens equation and the transverse magnification are respectively given by which expressions?
• What aspect of imaging does frequency affect in relation to axial resolution?
• Which principle emphasizes the concept of minimizing exposure to ultrasound pressure?
• What is the primary cause of refraction in ultrasound?
• In the Hall effect, applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the current in a conductor produces what measurable quantity?
• In ultrasound imaging, axial resolution primarily improves with which conditions?
• Which unit is associated with capacitance?
• For a mass m attached to a horizontal spring with spring constant k undergoing simple harmonic motion, how is the angular frequency ω related to m and k?
• What method can be used to fix the issue of dark far field in an ultrasound image?
• In a double-slit setup with slit separation d and distance to the screen L, the fringe spacing Δy between adjacent bright fringes is given by which expression?
• Which type of artifact is typically associated with weak attenuation, leading to an increase in signal?
• What term describes the ability to see motion in an image?
• For hydrogen-like atoms, the ionization energy from the ground state is 13.6 eV. Which option correctly states this value?
• If the temperature of a blackbody doubles, by what factor does its radiated power increase?
• The mass defect in nuclear binding energy implies what about the mass of a bound nucleus?
• What effect does a large tissue impedance difference have in ultrasound?
• What is the primary purpose of TGC in ultrasound imaging?
• During the phase change from solid to liquid at constant temperature, the heat absorbed for mass m is given by Q = m L. Which expression correctly represents Q?
• What happens to PRF as depth decreases in ultrasound imaging?
• Which wavelength corresponds to high frequency?
• What occurs when the velocity exceeds the Nyquist limit?
• A spacecraft escapes Earth's gravity from the surface. What is the escape speed in terms of G, M_E, and R_E?
• What is the constant speed of sound in soft tissue?
• In the context of ultrasound, what does ALARA stand for?
• If the density doubles while the bulk modulus remains the same, how does the speed of sound change?
• For the photoelectric effect, emission occurs only if the photon energy hf is at least the work function φ. Which statement expresses this condition?
• Which artifact is caused by strong reflectors in an ultrasound image?
• What is one effect of sound bending at a boundary in ultrasound imaging?
• In a solid, the speed of sound is v = sqrt(K/ρ). What do K and ρ represent?
• What is the result of having a Doppler angle of 90 degrees?
• In Faraday's law of induction, the negative sign in ε = - dΦB/dt indicates what?
• What does the frame rate refer to in imaging?
• What is the result of using high frequency in sound waves?
• According to the second law, what can be said about the entropy change in an isolated system?
• An ideal gas with fixed amount and temperature undergoes a volume halving. What happens to its pressure?
• Which equation expresses Ohm's law for a resistor?
• What does spectral broadening indicate in an ultrasound examination?
• Which of the following is true about imaging depth and frame rate?
• Which statement correctly describes buoyant force on a submerged object?
• The transverse magnification from a lens is m = - di/do. What does the negative sign indicate about the image?
• In simple harmonic motion of a mass on a horizontal spring, when the mass passes through the turning points, what is its speed?
• A submerged object experiences buoyant force according to Archimedes' principle. What is the magnitude of buoyant force?
• Which characteristic is associated with high frequency wavelengths?
• What should be used to limit the output in ultrasound procedures?
• How does reflection occur in ultrasound imaging?
• What is the main concern associated with high thermal index values in ultrasound?
• In Compton scattering, the change in wavelength is Δλ = (h / (m_e c)) (1 - cos θ). What is the physical significance of Δλ?
• In a refracting telescope, the angular magnification is M = fo/fe. If fo = 200 cm and fe = 25 cm, what is the magnification?
• Kirchhoff's current law states that the sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of currents leaving. True or false?
• What can result from continuous wave (CW) Doppler?